Showing posts with label By Dr. Bob Wenzel Gross. Show all posts
Showing posts with label By Dr. Bob Wenzel Gross. Show all posts

Sunday, September 08, 2019

The True Value of UFO Experiences: Close Encounters are the Best Kind



Gross UFO

Disclaimer:

This article is a work of nonfiction—not science fiction. The piece recreates true events, locations, and conversations from my memories of them. In some instances, the names of individuals and places were changed to maintain anonymity. The article explores an expressed link between experiencing anomalies and the brain’s capacity to change. This material is provided for educational and informational intentions. The document contains no copyrighted material which has not been cited or specifically authorized by the copyright owner. This information is made available in an effort to advance the understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democratic, scientific, and social justice issues, etc. Allowance has been made for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education, and research.

The Psychological Value of UFOs


     UFO is a term commonly used to label an object observed in Earth’s atmosphere (or the space beyond) that is impossible to identify. The act of observing a UFO is not an ordinary occurrence. An extraordinary observable object or event is called a phenomenon.

An anomaly is a unique object or event that has perceptual qualities. Humans perceive things with their senses. Sighting a UFO is clearly a phenomenon. To be more precise, sighting a UFO is an anomalous phenomenon.
Robert Gross
By Dr. Bob Wenzel Gross
The UFO Chronicles
9-6-19

Carl Jung, an influential psychologist, stated that the UFO phenomenon had an extremely important psychological component (Jung, 1978). Jung questioned why UFOs were a topic of great human interest. To Jung, UFOs were desirable phenomena that kept arising in the minds of human beings.

A healthy human nervous system needs exposure to exceptional random events and sensations to build up the brain. Complex nerve assemblies crave novelty and unpredictability (Feldenkrais, 2019). Brains love to order confusion. As a result, humans seek out experiences that seriously arouse their brains (Neurotracker Team, 2018a).

Some parts of the human brain are hardwired. In essence, the brain’s wrinkled gray matter is connected to sensory inputs and motor outputs with chains of nerve cells. Yet, significant portions of the brain are not linked together. For greater connectivity, nerve cells will rewire to generate new networks (Neurotracker Team, 2018b). During a UFO experience, the brain gets rewired.

The UFO phenomenon embodies highly strange objects and events. To figure out a UFO experience, an observer must employ elastic thinking. Elastic thinking is a nonlinear way of handling complex issues. Elastic thinking involves using multiple threads of thought simultaneously. During elastic thinking, tiny interactions of billions of networked nerve cells in the brain rapidly search for solutions to bizarre problems (Mlodinow, 2018).

While a person is experiencing a UFO, nerve cells in the brain are stimulated. These nerve cells receive and send electrical signals. Such cells are called neurons.

The neurons involved with processing a UFO fire together. Once they fire, they form a specialized circuit. This newly connected circuit reforms the brain. Thus, a UFO sighting changes the human brain.

Once a UFO experience is repeated, the connections between neurons in the circuit mentioned above become stronger. Each time that we gain new knowledge through practice or habit, the connections linking neuron to neuron are strengthened. A better connection between neurons means that electric signals travel more efficiently when using the path (Cognifit, n.d.). When circuits fire fast: the brain works well.

Usually, a UFO encounter enlists the observer's sensory, perceptual, affective, and cognitive mechanisms. UFO sightings engage several brain areas allowing incoming information to be placed into various parts of the brain. This new data will be available for addressing challenges later on in life. In general, life becomes more gratifying once the brain has learned to establish order in a universe of chaos.

Witnessing an unidentified aerial anomaly often brings about a rare state of mind. My research indicates that experiencing a UFO is a composite of several processes that rely on a number of brain structures working in harmony. Seeing a UFO may involve torrents of mental processes that occur instantaneously. More importantly, some UFO experiences might contribute to human health and well-being.

Close Encounters

In 1984, I earned a Doctor of Education Degree (with a major in Music Education) from Penn State University. By 1985, I was drafting a children’s musical play. My musical play incorporated several popular contemporary topics: extraterrestrial intelligence, spaceships, UFOs, and outer space. To learn as much as possible about the UFO phenomenon, I joined the Pennsylvania Association for the Study of the Unexplained (PASU). PASU was a scientific research unit that conducted investigations of credible unexplained occurrences and served as a clearing house for UFO sightings. Before long, I was a dedicated UFO researcher.

I regularly attended meetings as one of PASU’s field investigators. Only bona fide PASU members could attend the group’s closed monthly get-togethers. At those private gatherings, sensitive matters were often discussed. The PASU organization distributed a bi-monthly publication known as the PASU Data Exchange Newsletter.

Whether analyzing confidential data at monthly meetings or collecting evidence out in the field, PASU members agreed to follow specific written rules. Those rules insured private matters received professional attention. Field investigators could keep copies of their UFO reports. However, we were not allowed to give out PASU-held information to the media or the public without clearing its release with one of the group’s directors. If an associate did not follow these regulations, he or she could be dismissed from the association by a majority vote of the members.

While many UFO investigators follow ethical codes, they should also attempt to use an acceptable protocol for organizing and presenting valid information. Such a protocol is known as the scientific method. Good science relies on curiosity to inspire hunts for knowledge. Only appropriately structured scientific expeditions will harvest high quality information.

Science is most useful when recognized as a body of knowledge acquired through curiosity and studied using a well thought-out approach. Authentic scientists use the scientific method to structure effective means for acquiring knowledge and gaining understanding. Likewise, even the most basic approaches to scientific methodology insist that investigators observe, research, hypothesize, predict, experiment, and conclude.

To help render field research efficient, Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) field investigators fill out various checklists during their inquiries. One such checklist incorporates a scale developed by Dr. J. Allen Hynek who was a scientist and astronomer from Northwestern University. His scale classified observed events that involved unidentified flying objects (UFOs). The original Hynek Classification System outlined three kinds of close encounters with UFOs: Close encounters of the first kind, close encounters of the second kind, and close encounters of the third kind.

A close encounter of the first kind is a visual sighting of a UFO within 500 feet of a witness. According to the Hynek classification system, a close encounter of the first kind encompasses a near sighting of a UFO that is 500 feet or less away from the observer. The UFO may be odd lights or aerial objects that are maneuvering or displaying characteristics not possible with current terrestrial technology.

A close encounter of the second kind is a visual sighting of a UFO plus accompanying physical evidence. An encounter of this kind involves the nearby sighting of a UFO that leaves a physical trace. These traces can be measurable heat or radiation experienced by the observer. Such traces also include damage to the immediate terrain. Incidences of human paralysis, mysteriously agitated animals, as well as radio and television interference fall into this second category. The phenomenon of lost time is also evidence of a second kind encounter.

A close encounter of the third kind involves sighting occupants in and around the UFO. Close encounters of this nature include a witness observing animate beings associated with a UFO sighted less than 500 feet away.

In 1987, I volunteered for a year-round unpaid job. I served as the performing arts chairperson for a three-day arts festival. The festival took place annually in Blair County, Pennsylvania. My chairperson responsibilities included auditioning prospective acts to perform at the event.

One night in 1989, after the Earth had recently tilted into its summer solstice, I was finishing some paperwork and getting prepared to hit the road. I was scheduled to audition two musicians in a band who regularly played at a local roadhouse. This pub was near the town of Ebensburg, Pennsylvania in Cambria County. Little did I know I’d be a significantly changed person after the trip—once a mind has expanded to accept new information, it can’t shrink back.

It was about 11:00 P.M. Eastern Time on Friday, June 23rd. In less than two hours, a close encounter of the first kind would transform my life. Unfortunately (as with all of my UFO experiences to date) there was no link between the imminent encounter and any ongoing field investigation. Thus, I was not wholly prepared for what would occur in about an hour and a half.

That night, I left my house via the back door and walked to the driveway where my car was parked. I opened the car door and slid into the bucket seat of my gently used 1985 Volkswagen Scirocco. This particular VW was pewter-colored and sported a Blaupunkt stereo system as well as a moon roof. I injected a newly mixed cassette into the car’s tape deck. The tape was a compilation of songs by the musical group Supertramp.

A nanosecond before turning the key in the ignition, I was startled by a fingernail tapping on the car’s tinted glass moon roof. For some reason, my response to that fingernail tap was a definite quiver—like when a full set of fingernails scrapes a chalkboard. An involuntary head-snap toward my right shoulder revealed Roxanne.

Roxanne was a neighbor who lived in my housing development. Roxanne had recently separated from her husband. She occasionally sought out neighbors to help quell her annoying ruminations about relationships. Earlier that week over coffee, I had invited her to join me for the upcoming audition. Her presence at my car indicated she had accepted the offer.

Stepping out of the car, I walked over to the car’s passenger side. I opened the door for her. Closing it carefully, I got back into the car and buckled up. Without hesitation, we drove in a northeasterly direction. We were traveling on Route 22.

We arrived at the Cambria County nightspot in time to hear one of the band’s better dance music sets. Cambria County, which borders Blair County to the north, is mountainous and recognized for harvesting coal. After parking in a nearby lot, we walked into the crowded bar at exactly 11:30 P.M.

We found comfortable seats relatively close to the stage and attentively listened to the band. The name of the band was: Downtown Harry. We listened to a full set of songs. During the break, I negotiated and signed a contract with the band’s leader—Harry. Since most of the paperwork had been done ahead of time, the process was painless and quick.

It was 12:30 A.M., early Saturday morning, June 24, 1989. Roxanne and I were on the return trip down through the mountains. In order to compensate for my ears’ exposure to the din in the bar, I set the car’s stereo at almost full volume when we first rolled out of the parking lot.

It was part of my job, as the performing arts chairperson, to negotiate reasonable contracts. Therefore, I did not drink alcohol before or during auditions. Besides, drinking and driving don’t mix. However, my guest, Roxanne, had sipped on a short alcoholic drink as we listened to the music back at the bar. All potentially mind-numbing drinking ended with her one alcoholic beverage. As a result, our minds seemed unusually vibrant. We were both sober. That was a good thing. Soon, after about five miles of motoring down the mountain, a strange experience began to unfold.

The early morning darkness was warm, humid, mostly clear, but with some tufts of scattered fog. The moon was bright and more than half-illuminated. So far, the morning had been perfect for traveling. Route 22 was a representative four-lane highway with a guardrail bordering its sides.

Supertramp’s “Take the Long Way Home” raged through the stereo system almost loud enough to shatter the speakers. The moon roof was gaping. Regardless, I was attempting to hold a pseudo professional conversation with Roxanne. In reality, I was trying to impress her by presenting a detailed technical review of the live music we had experienced at the pub.

Throughout the conversation, I would occasionally glance at Roxanne as she adorned her bucket seat. During one look, my peripheral vision caught something moving outside my passenger’s windshield. The object was about 35 yards ahead and off of the highway to the right. My eyes focused on the object as my ears let the music go.

Something was moving on the ground. The thing was not on the highway—it was behind the guardrail. That specific section of guardrail was situated on a flat piece of land. A large tree stood on the land. The tree was growing several feet beyond the far side of the guardrail. The land stretched for quite a few feet past the tree before the terrain dropped down to a trench.

The object was stirring near the base of the tree’s trunk. At that moment, the object was animated. It was close to the bottom of the tree, but it was a couple of feet off to the right—stage left.

The thing was solid black in color. It looked as if it was on or near the ground. I slowed the car and focused on studying this moving object. Within a fraction of a second, the thing froze in place. It waited for my car to get closer before it made its move.

As I slowly drove nearer to the spot where the object was located, the thing gently rose from its hiding place behind the guardrail. The entity floated up until it reached a position slightly beneath the lowest hanging branches of the tree.

While the object effortlessly lifted, it changed color: from a deep solid black, to a camouflage-like gray with black blotches, to a solid grayish white. Once it had achieved a solid light color, the object sailed out from under its leafy cover and flew toward Route 22.

I had anticipated a close-up view of some sort of large bird. I was wrong. In fact, a lot of things seemed wrong with this close encounter.

The thing’s wingspan measured about 12 feet. Its body was approximately five feet in length from tip to tail. It was longer than my car was wide. Overall, the object appeared to be about five feet long with a wingspan of around twelve feet.

As soon as I realized we had come upon some sort of unusual flying object, a torrent of thoughts gushed through my mind. My brain began to search through its neuron networks looking for answers to the following questions: What kind of huge bird is that? Why would a bird be flying at this wee hour of the morning? Is it an owl? Could it be a huge Snowy Owl? What is a Snowy Owl doing this far south? How is this owl able to fly without flapping its wings? Why does this owl not have feathers?

It was obvious that the object’s odd actions and appearance were working on my brain. In turn, my mind was rapidly working on it. I was using a lot of mental energy.

This aerial anomaly quickly ascended to an altitude slightly above the treetop. When my car’s headlights illuminate the scene, the thing banked and established a new flight path with my car as its destination.

When I clicked on the high beams, I got a good look at the object’s underbelly. On its underside, a smooth translucent skin covered the entire body. It no longer looked like a bird. Its shape was actually closer to that of a large manta ray. But, this devil-fish was navigating in air—not water.

Unlike an animal, this thing had no specific head to speak of—it had no eyes, mouth, or beak. It lacked feet and a definitive tail too. Furthermore, it had no visible openings, holes, rivets, flaps, or seams. Too, this odd winged object had no noticeable separations of any kind. And, there was no visible means of propulsion.

As it flew toward my car, the thing changed color again. This time, it turned a soft white color and seemed like it was lit from within. But when it adjusted course to dive-bomb my vehicle, the entire winged figure began to glow a fluorescent green. Its color mimicked a luminous watch dial.

The now radiant UFO swooped directly over my car—clearing the open moon roof by only a few inches. As it passed above, the inside of my car became flooded with fluorescent green light—the same color as the UFO.

This “manta ray” flew above my slow-moving car and then abruptly dipped. It nearly hit the paved surface of Route 22’s oncoming lanes. Unexpectedly, it shot up at a steep angle and flew north at a phenomenal speed. The object climbed sharply at hundreds of miles per hour. While it soared, it was leaving a greenish trail. Its trajectory sort of looked like a missile in flight. In seconds, the darkness absorbed it. It was gone. Out of sight—but not out of mind.

Overall, the session with this UFO lasted for maybe two minutes. Regardless, I couldn’t wrap my mind around what had just happened. As soon as it was out of sight, I expressed my inability to fully comprehend the encounter by involuntarily hyperventilating. I felt as if I was in the midst of a beginner’s yoga class poorly practicing some new rapid deep breathing technique.

Embarrassed and self-conscious, I looked over at Roxanne. She was hyperventilating too! We were both hyperventilating! In unison! It was an extraordinary happening.

At that point, I realized I was undergoing a strong aesthetic experience. My panting fit was not initiated by fear. Instead, hyperventilation was a physical reaction to being exposed to a high quality unexplained phenomenon. Gasping for air was part of my physiological response to stumbling upon a rare, highly stimulating event. Encountering a UFO was much more powerful than having a strong aesthetic experience while listening to a piece of really good music or viewing a work of extremely fine art.

Aesthetics involves the study of beauty. An aesthetic experience is a kind of scrutinizing behavior integrating several levels of processing. Aesthetic experiences have five characteristics: focus, perception, affect, cognition, and cultural matrix. Focus is when an observer’s attention is devoted to a particular object or event. Perception is the process of becoming aware of an object or event through the senses. Affect may be experienced in two ways. The first form of affect is through a type of physical response such as an increased heart rate or amplified breathing. The second form of affect involves a “feelingful” reaction such as shivers running up and down the spine. Affective reactions may range from strong to weak and from simple to complex. Cognition is a characteristic of an aesthetic experience that allows an individual to recognize many different levels of attributes related to the object or event being observed. Cultural matrix takes the cultural context of the experience into account. An eyewitness is not able to fully experience an anomalous phenomenon, like a UFO, without the underlying context supplied by a culture (Radocy & Boyle, 1997).

The emerging scientific research picture shows that aesthetic experiences are associated with neural connectivity patterns. Experiencing an aesthetic response after encountering a non-arts object or event, such as a UFO, brings together understandings about neural connectivity and neuroaesthetics. Neuroaesthetics is a field of science that combines psychological research with aesthetics by investigating the perception, production, and response to art, as well as interactions with objects and scenes that evoke intense feelings (Chatterjee, 2011).

Studies related to aesthetic experiences and brain structures show robust patterns of distinct neuroactivity during affective processing. The findings about neural processes leading to aesthetic experiences are complex and as of yet undefined. Related studies are sparse.

Aesthetic experiences are a composite of several processes that rely on a number of brain structures working together. Efficient connections and organization between brain regions (which are measurable) have proven to be important for cognitive functioning and intellectual performance. Functional connectivity patterns may be used as a predictor for mental performance.

Accumulating evidence indicates that aesthetic experiences also contribute to human well-being and health. Currently, a need exists for more studies about neuroaesthetics (Reybrouck, Vuust, & Brattico, 2018). Contrary to the approach of studying neuroplastic changes, the effects of aesthetic experiences on brain connectivity are still rather elusive.

My research indicates UFO encounters elicit aesthetic experiences. The value of a UFO experience could be enhanced if the observer focuses on the way he or she is experiencing the UFO. If an observer takes an aesthetic attitude toward a UFO, the overall experience may be heightened.

Meanwhile, back on Route 22, I was still hyperventilating. So, I applied the brakes and cautiously drove my car off of the pavement and onto the road’s berm. When the clamor of loose stones hitting the car’s underside stopped, I pulled up the handbrake and opened the door. Crawling out of the automobile, I continued to draw in the early morning atmosphere through measured gasps.

A quick look around indicated we were safe from other moving vehicles. I motioned to Roxanne. She removed herself from the passenger seat and joined me on the road’s shoulder. There, we both immediately assumed hands-above-the-knees poses and rhythmically sucked in air.

Once I regained control of my breathing, I vowed to Roxanne: I’m reporting this! Silence dominated the trip home. Later that morning, I phoned a report into a UFO hotline. After I verbally relayed my close encounter to the hotline’s recording machine, I began to think about my health and Roxanne’s well-being too. We may have been exposed to excessive radiation when the glowing UFO zeroed in on the car’s open moon roof. I recalled reading about UFO cases where individuals eventually developed symptoms of radiation sickness after experiencing a close encounter.

A few minutes later I received a return phone call from a UFO hotline volunteer. Among other things, the volunteer suggested that I make an appointment with a local hospital for an examination to check for excessive ionizing radiation exposure. I phoned Roxanne at her home and suggested that she schedule the same type of assessment. She said she would make a doctor’s appointment pending my hospital exam’s results.

The following day, I called a local hospital and set up an appointment for specialized tests to determine if I had surplus radioactive material in my body. The tests were scarier than the UFO encounter. The first test involved drawing samples of blood from my arm to look for changes in my blood cell count. However, it was the second test that really frightened me.

To start the second test, a nurse led me to a cold bench in one of the hospital’s empty white-tiled halls. Soon, another nurse approached me with a hefty hypodermic needle filled with a reddish-brown fluid. The hypodermic needle was enormous. The barrel of its syringe looked as if it could hold a half pint of liquid—or more!

After a brief orientation, the nurse plunged the needle into my right leg just above the knee. She slowly injected the full contents of the syringe. I had a difficult time watching her execute the technique. The process, although skillfully carried out, made me woozy. After the injection, I was required to stay seated quietly for ten minutes. Luckily, no side effects set in.

Next, another nurse helped me limp down a chilly hallway to a nearby room. The room was stark and contained a solitary gurney bed. Permanently installed on the room’s ceiling was an amazing piece of equipment. It was a camera-like device mounted on an intricate system of mechanical arms and track rails. For the most part, the exotic machinery above me allowed the device to move fast and effortlessly in complex patterns while it filmed above the gurney.

The nurse directed me to stretch out horizontally and place myself face-up on the bed’s hard surface. Then, she strapped me down, and instructed me to remain perfectly still. Furthermore, she said that I must breathe in a shallow manner during the entire procedure. When she finished the instructions she began to leave the room. Oh her way out the door she shouted: And for God’s sake don’t try to sit up. I was scared.

Within seconds after the nurse left the room, the device on the ceiling lowered until it was about an inch above the tip of my nose. Then, it immediately began whirling and zipping around my perfectly still body. It was capturing images of my organs, soft tissues, bones, and other internal body parts. The minute it stopped and made a retreat to its resting place on the ceiling, the nurse returned. She unbuckled the straps, and walked me out into the hall. She said I could leave the hospital.

I shook the whole way home. Less than a week later, I received a letter from the hospital stating the tests had not detected any significant increases in radiation. I notified Roxanne.

Shortly after receiving the favorable test results, I had an epiphany: There was a definite link between anomalous experiences, such as UFO encounters, and aesthetic experiences with music and the other arts. The most noticeable part of that link was the affective reaction.

The August 1989 issue of the bi-monthly PASU Data Exchange Newsletter reported that something that was glowing brightly had been sighted near a rural roadway on or about May 20, 1989 at 1:30 A.M. This May sighting involved several witnesses and took place in the town of Bolivar—located about 27 miles west of Ebensburg.

According to that newsletter, a man walking his dog noticed a strange object on the road. It was several feet long and glowing a bluish-white color. The object was as bright as a fluorescent bulb. The man quickly summoned two other witnesses. The three men had been observing the object for about 30 minutes when something strange happened. About 50 feet away from where they were standing, a section of fence suddenly began to glow the color of a luminous watch dial. After several seconds had passed, the fence stopped glowing. The odd object was still on the road when the witnesses retired for the night.

If one draws a line on a map from Ebensburg to Bolivar, and then from Bolivar to the Chestnut Ridge region of Pennsylvania, a 90-mile straight southwesterly flight path is revealed. Chestnut Ridge in Westmoreland County is considered a hotspot for paranormal phenomena in Pennsylvania.

A report published in 2010 listed the sighting of a ray-shaped object in nearby West Virginia. That sighting happened in 2004. Apparently, on December 3, 2004, a couple in West Virginia had a close encounter of the first kind with a UFO. The UFO mimicked the object I chanced upon in Pennsylvania during 1989.

Following is a summary of that 2004 encounter: Two individuals were traveling on Rt. 2 towards Huntington, West Virginia. They were on a long straight stretch of road outside of Ashton, West Virginia. Suddenly, one of the individuals noticed an unexpected movement in the sky over the Ohio River to her right in front of the car. It was a greyish, smooth, wing shaped object. The strange object swooped in a figure 8 pattern in front of the car’s windshield. Then, it speedily flew to the left.

The flying object was bigger than a car. The wingspread was wider than the road. The wings stretched even wider as it did a figure 8 swoop. It was never more than 25 feet away from the car as it flew towards the windshield. At one point during the swoop, it was only about five feet off the pavement.

The UFO was grey and translucent like a jellyfish. The two eyewitnesses described it as a manta ray. The body was flat like a manta ray or a bat. The wings were long, smooth, and somewhat pointed at the tip. No texture. No roughness—only a smooth surface. It had only a body and wings: no head, eyes, tail, or feet. It did not look humanoid, but it was not a bird. It moved like something in the ocean moves. It did not flap or flutter its wings. Underneath it looked grey and smooth. The anomaly may have been a hybrid organic machine of sorts (Phantoms and Monsters, 2010).

After additional years of research, I hypothesized that close encounters of the first kind are events rarely experienced by humans. Moreover, I concluded that the object I had experienced on June 24, 1989 was indeed an aerial anomaly. The object could also be categorized as an Unidentified Flying Object (UFO).

Recent scientific studies show that human brains have systems specifically designed for appreciating anomalous phenomena. According to current research, aesthetic systems in the brain help determine how appealing an object or event is. The research also indicates that it doesn’t matter if the phenomenon of focus is a UFO, a work of visual art, or a piece of music. Aesthetic processing involves the appraisal of real objects. Such objects include all types of perceived things. Both art and non-art objects can undergo aesthetic processing (Brown & Gao, 2011).

On September 26, 2014, I encountered a UFO in the sky above St. Joseph County, Indiana. Shortly after I initially detected it, I suspended my ordinary beliefs about unidentified flying objects (UFOs). Instead, I decided to perceive this UFO as an aesthetic object because it seemed strange, extraordinary, and special. Consequently, from the get-go, I focused on the way I was experiencing this particular anomaly.

During that 2014 UFO experience my mind was in a state of openness. My perception process seemed prolonged (Consoli, 2012). Also, my understanding of the whole UFO phenomenon had improved since 1989.

My 2014 state of mind was probably related to the statistics that show the human brain relies on past experiences to predict future ones. Organizational changes in components of the nervous system at one point in time continue to be useful in the future. Each additional experience changes the connections linking neuron to neuron. Nerve impulses move more quickly when the insulating sheath around the nerves is enhanced (Markham & Greenough, 2006).

Myelin is the insulated coating around neuron connections. Myelin sheathing has dramatic functional consequences for how neurons transmit their signals. There is evidence that myelin is regulated by experience (Snaidero & Simon, 2014). Neurons in a neural pathway communicate through connections called synapses. Each time humans gain new knowledge, the synaptic communication between neurons is strengthened. A solid connection between neurons means electric signals travel more efficiently when creating or using a new pathway (Cognifit, n.d.).

September 26, 2014 was a great night for sky-watching. At about 8:38 P.M. Eastern Time, I was sitting in my backyard in Mishawaka, Indiana. It was a clear, calm evening. I was resting in a folding chair while looking up at the sky with unaided eyes.

Suddenly, I noticed a bright orange orb in the sky. The orb seemed to be at least a mile away. At that distance, it was about as large as my thumbnail when my arm was fully extended. The orb appeared to be several hundred feet up in the air. I guessed that it was at an altitude of almost 1,500 feet. Although this was technically not a close encounter of the first kind: it was close enough.

The entity looked like a glowing, bright, solid orange orb. It was self-luminous. It was not transparent or translucent. The object was moving in a straight path from east to west. This orb had no additional strange characteristics. It seemed to be flying at around 100 mph. It made no sound. It gave off no odors. I could taste nothing odd in the air. I could feel no heat coming from this airborne anomaly. As I observed the anomalous phenomenon in the sky, a chill ran up and down my spine.

As it flew directly above me, I continued to focus on it with all of my senses for about 30 seconds. The flying object gradually passed over and disappeared out of sight in the western sky. The whole experience—from start to finish—lasted approximately 2 minutes.

When I first sighted the object in the distance, I thought it might have been a Chinese lantern. However, it was not flickering—lanterns with candles flicker. There were no other blinking or colored lights involved. Also, it was not rising from low to high as most lanterns do. Instead, it was intently moving from east to west at a constant level. It moved at a steady, rather high rate of speed. My brain readily accepted that the object in the sky was not an orange weather balloon, a flare, an airplane, a helicopter, a drone, the planet Mars, or swamp gas.

A little later that same night, while looking almost straight up from my backyard, I saw with unaided eyes a rather bright flash. It almost looked as if someone way up in the sky had taken a photograph using a huge flash bulb. I couldn’t see or determine the source of the flash. It was not lightning. There were no clouds in the sky at that time. There was no wind.

A few minutes later, I saw something far in the distance moving rather quickly from north to south. The shiny spec was most likely in the outer space beyond Earth’s atmosphere. It reminded me of what an orbiting satellite looks liked from Earth. I recalled observing a Project Echo passive communications satelloon during the 1960s. It was an interesting night for sky-watching.

Eventually, I sent Facebook messages about my orange orb sighting to two members of MUFON of Indiana. I followed-up this 2014 sighting by conducting some research related to Indiana UFOs. I discovered that a similar round globe or orb was observed by several witnesses in the skies near Mishawaka, Indiana in or about 2010.

Attached is an artist’s rendition of the UFO I encountered in Pennsylvania on June 24, 1989 (Illustration by Donald Kopis © 2018. Used with permission.).

Gross UFO

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Radocy, R., & Boyle, J. (1997). Psychological Foundations of Musical Behavior. (3rd ed.) Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.

Reybrouck, M., Vuust, P., & Brattico, E. (2018). Brain Connectivity Networks and the Aesthetic Experience of Music. Retrieved August 4, 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6025331/

Snaidero, N., & Simon, M. (2014). Myelination at a Glance. Retrieved August 9, 2019, from https://jcs.biologists.org/content/127/14/2999

Monday, May 21, 2018

An Extraterrestrial Flying Disk Crashed Near Roswell in 1947: Not a UFO -PT2-

An Extraterrestrial Flying Disk Crashed Near Roswell in 1947: Not a UFO

US Government, Ufologists, Skeptics, and Others Contribute to Rare Mixture of Unreliable and Differing Information

US Government

     Project Echo was designed to be a significant step in the United States’ space program. Project Echo was intended to be used for peaceful purposes. It would in due course benefit all mankind (Swenson, Grimwood, & Alexander, 1989). Therefore, in 1947 it may have been prudent for the US Air Force to claim that a weather balloon, Project Mogul balloon, or an alien flying disk had crashed at Roswell than to tell the truth and expose Project Echo.

At first the US Air Force dispersed disinformation by stating the
Dr. Bob Wenzel Gross
Dr. Bob Wenzel Gross
The UFO Chronicles
5-18-18
Roswell wreckage was that of a weather balloon. Later, the United States Armed Forces claimed that the debris from the Roswell crash was bits and pieces of a Project Mogul experimental high-altitude surveillance balloon. Regardless, according to a US Air Force report, the Roswell wreckage was quickly taken away by the Air Force. The Roswell crash represented the beginning of a new cover-up process that was part of an airborne system for atomic-age spying. The process was developed by Columbia University, New York University, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (Broad, 1994).

Ufologists

A recent Amazon.com search for books written about the Roswell UFO yielded 622 results. It would be rare, if all 622 books contained the exact same information and arrived at a common conclusion about what occurred at Roswell in 1947. Contradictory information about the Roswell UFO incident is abundant.

Conflicting information inhibits creative thought and decreases the ability to innovatively solve problems. As a consequence, conflicting or differing information causes confusion and makes it difficult for even the most brilliant sages to effectively explain the UAP/UFO phenomenon. Some of those who study and contemplate UFOs—ufologists—are pseudoscientists. Traits of pseudoscientists include, but are not limited to: Not adhering to good science, stressing ambiguous scientific claims that lack evidence, using jargon, intimidation, and demanding whatever hasn’t been verified as false must be accepted as true. In this fashion, pseudoscientists avoid disseminating factual material to their audiences.

Fake stories are sometimes spread by pseudoscientists. Such stories embody a marketable mixture of fact, science fiction, fantasy, rumor, and disinformation. In the twenty-first century, the public seems to be seeking out factual answers about UFOs. Spreading weird assertions linked to the UFO marvel helps conceal the true nature of the phenomenon, thus affording government officials the necessary cover and additional time to figure out what is really going on.

My recent research shows that in addition to the government, ufologists, skeptics, and others may be adding to a massive cover up. In short, where there is no evidence, there is no science. True scientists cannot afford to automatically disregard observations, information, and experiments that refute a certain theory (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2008).

We are currently living in a post-truth era. Alternative facts and fake news compete with peer-reviewed research (Birkinshaw, 2017). A post-truth or post-factual civilization makes decisions that are not based on what is true and proven. Such a society follows the beliefs of their members—not factual information. Today more than ever, truth must be factual, or at least have a correspondence with reality (Brown, 2016). In a post-truth world, assaults on science must be repelled.

Scientific ufologists are a necessity. UFO literature should not be aimed at the general public alone. Instead, modern ufologists’ writings must stand for accuracy, align with established standards, and withstand a stringent peer review process. Results of research must be verified. Failures can’t be ignored, excused, hidden, lied about, discounted, explained away, rationalized, forgotten, or avoided. When a preponderance of new evidence contradicts old ideas, the proof must be accepted and assimilated. The job of scientific ufologists is to convince—not convert (Coker, n.d.).

Skeptics

Soon after the 1947 Fourth of July holiday, a rancher reported to the local sheriff that he might have recovered the remains of a flying saucer. Unfortunately, no one saw the saucer while it was airborne (Rudiak, 2001a). Although UFO researchers interviewed numerous witnesses, only a few of the witnesses claimed to have seen the suspected saucer debris. Of these few people, only a handful said to have actually held the material. At least one of those handlers was positive that the remnants were not from an extraterrestrial spacecraft (Korff, 1997).

Major Jesse Marcel from the Roswell Army Air Field was assigned to look into whatever crashed on a ranch near Roswell that summer in 1947. Marcel drove to the ranch to examine and collect the wreckage. It was General Roger Ramey who ordered Marcel to bring the found wreckage to Carswell Air Force Base in Fort Worth, Texas. There, General Ramey held a press conference with Marcel present. It was Ramey who first announced that the wreckage was from a weather balloon. He lied.

Colonel Thomas J. DuBose was present when the alleged Roswell wreckage arrived at Fort Worth in 1947. DuBose was brought into General Ramey’s office where he viewed the rubble. Decades later, during an interview, DuBose was asked if the original debris in General Ramey’s office had been switched with the remnants of a weather balloon. DuBose answered that the material was never switched. Still, DuBose was unyielding that there was indeed a cover up.

DuBose did not know the real source or identity of the Roswell fragments. However, contrary to what was claimed at that time, DuBose did know that it was not an ordinary weather balloon. So, what was the object that crashed near Roswell?

In his book, The Roswell UFO Crash: What They Don't Want You to Know (1997), Kal K. Korff presented previously unpublished, formerly classified photos and drawings of various components of Project Mogul. Korff claimed that from his photos and drawings, it is clear that Project Mogul was made of the same material as the rubble DuBose saw in Ramey’s office. Thus, Korff concludes that wreckage found at Roswell was indeed from a Project Mogul constant-altitude-level balloon train equipped with intelligence gathering instruments. Korff goes on to conclude that the whole Roswell UFO hysteria was caused by people who did not know the true identity of the retrieved material they were looking at (Korff, 1997).

The crux of the whole Roswell UFO mystery has to do with a few firsthand witnesses not being able to accurately identify the exceptional metallic shards and other scrap strewn over a debris field on a patch of sandy New Mexican property. I agree with Korff that there was a cover up at Roswell. Furthermore, I maintain that the cover up did involve an extraterrestrial flying disk. But it did not involve the remnants of an alien flying saucer.

Others

Lee Speigel is a writer and reporter who is the only person in history to produce a major presentation at the United Nations on the subject of UFOs. Speigel conducted an interview with Major Jesse Marcel more than 30 years after the 1947 Roswell incident happened. During the interview, Marcel stated that when he got to General Ramey’s office in Fort Worth, the general told him to put some of the Roswell debris on the floor and let the media take a picture of it. Supposedly, the debris was made up of all sorts of materials. A lot of the fragments were made from materials Marcel had never seen before. So, Marcel put pieces of stuff out on the floor, but he did not put out anything odd or anything with detail on it. The media took pictures and one picture appeared in the newspapers.

General Ramey allegedly told the news reporters that the debris was nothing but a crashed weather balloon. Later, Ramey wanted to cover up his weather balloon statement because he didn’t know, himself, what the debris was. Essentially what they did at Fort Worth that day was to make a mock display with a battered weather balloon and let the press take pictures of it. The whole thing was a cover-up (Speigel, 2017).

In addition, Charles B. Moore was one of three surviving Project Mogul scientists identified in a 1994 Air Force report related to the Roswell event. Moore maintains that many of the materials used in New York University Project Mogul Balloon Flight 4 bear striking similarities to pieces of the 1947 Roswell crash debris. After Flight 4 was launched from Alamogordo, it was tracked as far as Arabela, New Mexico, approximately seventeen miles from the location of the debris field. No diagram is available for Flight 4 because no data were obtained for it in formal New York University reports (Thomas, 1995). The prominent meteorologist, Dr. Spilhaus, who was hired to develop high altitude balloons for Project Mogul, was associated with New York University (Broad, 1994).

Science is a body of knowledge acquired through curiosity by using a structured approach. More importantly, science is a process of becoming less wrong over time. Perhaps the most efficient and effective way to solve the UAP/UFO phenomenon may be to encourage genuine scientists to help fortify the masses of those who currently study aerial anomalies.

Today, effectively investigating UFOs requires that more genuine scientists—people who rigorously follow scientific methodology when investigating curious phenomena—join the current ranks of ufologists. These scientists must be able to utilize higher order thinking skills. Higher order thinking skills describe intellectual abilities and skills considered to be advanced cognitive processes. Higher order thinking skills encompass the abilities to analyze, evaluate, and create solutions by putting facts together in new ways (Anderson & Krathwohl, 2016).

Extraterrestrial Hypotheses Proffered

The extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH) proposes that some UFOs are best explained as being physical spacecraft occupied by extraterrestrial lifeforms from other planets (“Extraterrestrial Hypothesis,” n.d.). The 1947 Cold War hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union produced the initial surge of UFO sightings. The first report of a flying saucer over the United States came in June 1947. Kenneth Arnold, a private pilot, sighted several disk-shaped objects near Mt. Rainier, Washington. Arnold's encounter was followed by a torrent of additional sightings from all over the United States. In 1948, Project SIGN was established to collect, collate, evaluate, and distribute—within the US government—all information relating to such sightings. UFOs might have been a real national security issue (Haines, n.d.).

On July 8, 1947 Roswell Army Air Field issued a press release stating that a flying disk had crashed on a ranch near Roswell, New Mexico during a powerful storm. Later, a press conference was held and it was restated that a weather balloon had crashed. Reporters were shown debris allegedly taken from the crash area. The debris included: foil, rubber, and wood, which seemed to confirm the object had indeed been a weather balloon. After initially reporting that the debris had come from a UFO, the Roswell Daily Record submitted a correction which included a statement that the debris was actually pieces of a weather balloon (Edwards, 2015).

During a span of more than thirty years, the Roswell crash story all but faded away. Then, in 1978, The National Enquirer reported the original Roswell Daily Record story again. However, the follow-up correction was not reported in The National Enquirer. When the new uncorrected version of the story was published, theories about an alien spacecraft cover up spread.

Around the same time, Stanton Friedman, a UFO researcher, started interviewing several people supposedly connected with the incident. Two years later in 1980, the Roswell Incident book was published. Upon the book's publication, The National Enquirer interviewed Marcel again. As a result, all sorts of hypotheses were proposed. Soon assertions surfaced that the US government was indeed covering up information about an alien spacecraft (Dunning, 2007). According to some, the government refuses to divulge the results of its UFO investigations (Haines, n.d.).

Failure of Imagination Persisted Throughout Investigation

A failure of imagination is a circumstance wherein something seemingly predictable and undesirable was not planned for. My research seems to indicate that unknown unknowns existed throughout the course of the Roswell UFO incident. Specific to the 1947 Roswell crash, UFO researchers, skeptics, and the public did not seem to know that a passive communications satellite experiment using metalized balloons—functioning as extraterrestrial relays—had the exclusive attention of the US government.

Backward Mapping

Backward design or backward mapping is a technique whereby a story is told in reverse to identify the root causes of an issue that needs to be resolved (Center for Theory of Change, 2017). Following is a backward mapped outline of factual information related to the Roswell UFO mystery:

NASA’s ECHO II Passive Communications Satellite
Figure #5. NASA’s ECHO II Passive Communications Satellite
(Courtesy of NASA).
1964: NASA’s Echo II satellite was sent into orbit around the Earth. The 135-foot rigidized balloon satellite was injected into orbit as a passive communications experiment (Figure #5).

1961: NASA’s Echo IA satellite was successfully sent into orbit around the Earth.

Prototype of an Echo Satellite
Figure #6. A scale prototype of an Echo Satellite, 12 feet in diameter (Courtesy of NASA).
1960: A Skin Stress Test of a 12-foot satellite built as a prototype of the full-scale Echo Satellite was carried out on May 1, 1960 (Figure #6).

1959: The initial test launch of a 110-foot-diameter inflatable sphere for the Echo 1 Passive Communications Satellite Project ended abruptly with the sphere exploding as it inflated. Thousands of fragments of the aluminum-covered balloon floated back into the atmosphere reflecting the light of the setting sun. It resulted in the sensation of flashing lights. Along the East Coast, reports of extraordinary sightings came pouring into the police, newspapers, television stations, and radio stations. Many people inquired if those mysterious specks of light were fireworks, a meteor shower, or UFOs (Hansen, 1995).

100 foot Echo Satellite
Figure #7. A 100 foot Echo Satellite
(Courtesy of NASA).

1958: A 100 foot Echo Satellite underwent inflation tests (Figure #7).

Engineer W.J. O'Sullivan, Jr. with a 20 Inch Sub satellite
Figure #8. Engineer W.J. O'Sullivan, Jr. with a 20 Inch Sub satellite (Courtesy of NASA).
1957: By the middle to late 1950s, all the technologies necessary for satellite communications had been invented. All that remained was to demonstrate the technologies and to compare the different innovations discussed in the technical literature (Whalen, n.d.). During that time span, small passive communications satellite prototypes were under development (Figure #8). Prototypes included various sizes and varieties of flying spheres and flying disks that had been experimented with for several years (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1957).

1956: As with many early NASA programs, Project Echo originated as a National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) effort. NACA was formed in 1915. The original purpose of Project Echo was to measure the density of the air in the upper atmosphere, as well as to provide data related to the design of future aircraft, missiles, and spacecraft. As with many other experiments, the concept that led to Project Echo had modest beginnings. With persistence, it ended with memorable results. After years of developments, Project Echo was eventually placed on an official list of approved experiments to be launched into space.

1955: John R. Pierce of AT&T compared the estimated cost of satellite communications with the cost of the first transatlantic telephone cable. AT&T was in a better position to fund communications satellite research and development than NASA—whose entire budget was only a few hundred million dollars (Whalen, n.d.)

1952: BoPET balloons were not officially built before 1952 (Baluncore, 2016). BoPET, which evolved from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), was a prototype of Mylar. Passive communications satellites were made by constructing a balloon, or satelloon, of thick Mylar film bonded between layers of heavy aluminum foil. Mylar is an aluminum coated plastic material that was, in the long run, used for US passive communications satellites.

During the 1950s, prior to the presence of Mylar film, Project Echo experimental balloons were made from BoPET film. BoPET is a polyester film made from stretched polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET was developed in the early 1940s, several years before the Roswell crash (“BoPET,” n.d.).

Early experimental PET, BoPET, and Mylar balloons had a revolutionary surface. Unlike the spherical surface of a latex balloon, these balloons resembled a slightly flattened sphere. This innovative shape is realized by inflating a balloon made of two circular sheets of flexible, inelastic material—now known as Mylar (“Mylar Balloon,” n.d.). Therefore, early Mylar-like balloons would have resembled flying disks. They appeared to be more disk-like than sphere-shaped. In the air, the novel large experimental passive communications satelloons may have been perceived as extraterrestrial flying disks.

1947: A flying disk (flying saucer) crashed near Roswell, New Mexico. That same year, Project Mogul was being employed as a super-secret operation that involved the use of balloon trains that were equipped with various devices for intelligence gathering purposes. Project Mogul was a classified operation begun by the US government after the end of World War II to spy on the former Soviet Union in order to determine the status of Russian attempts to build nuclear weapons. On July 8, 1947, the public information office at RAAF made the shocking announcement that they had recovered the remains of a flying disk. Only a few eyewitnesses claimed to have actually handled material from the disk. At least one of those material handlers was resolute that the stuff was not from an extraterrestrial spacecraft (Korff, 1997).

It is highly probable that the flying disk, unbeknownst to the examiners and collectors of the Roswell wreckage, was a precursor of an extraterrestrial relay device made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) metalized with aluminum. Bits and pieces of materials from the Roswell crash were flown to General Ramey in Fort Worth, Texas. Descriptions of the wreckage shipped to Ramey’s office seemed to describe a combination of the inflatable metalized balloon from a Project Echo prototype as well as parts from a Project Mogul balloon train.

1946: An independent study of Earth satellites by Project RAND on behalf of the Army Air Forces observed that a satellite launch would have a dramatic effect on world opinion and that a satellite might have promising uses as a communications relay. In spite of a curtailment of military research and development funds under President Truman’s administration, subsequent RAND studies of geosynchronous communications satellites and the political and psychological aspects of launching spacecraft continued (Whalen, n.d.).

Also in 1946, a panel was developed to study experiments worthy of being launched by V-2 rockets. Prototype development was encouraged. In order for a passive communications satellite system to get funded, it was imperative that the project be endorsed by this esteemed panel. The Upper Atmosphere Rocket Research Panel was formed in 1946 to help select the most launch-ready, viable experiments to be carried aboard captured and renovated German V-2 rockets. The panel was originally known as the V-2 Panel. During that year, Project Echo seemed to be a potential candidate for launching aboard a V-2 rocket. Project Echo was based upon Arthur C. Clarke’s concept of an Earth orbiting satellite system. Project Echo’s satellites were intended to be inflatable spheres with a thin metal-coated plastic skin. In the long run, Project Echo satellites ended up being large aluminum-coated Mylar balloons (Hansen, 1995).

1945: The initial concept of a passive communications satellite system was proposed by science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke. Clarke was the godfather of communications satellites and a Royal Air Force officer who hoped to revitalize the British Interplanetary Society after WWII. In an October 1945 Wireless World magazine article, Clarke wrote about the development of a geosynchronous satellite. Clarke’s article was entitled: “EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL RELAYS.” He predicted the development of a telecommunications system based on artificial satellites orbiting Earth. For all intents and purposes, these satellites were extraterrestrial flying disks. Three fixed satellites would provide complete global communications coverage (Whalen, n.d.).

Passive communications satellite makers needed Dr. Robert H. Goddard’s rockets to place their satelloons into orbit. Rocket scientist, Dr. Robert Goddard, died in August 1945. However, following his death, Dr. Goddard’s widow, Esther Goddard, completed many of his projects (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, n.d.). By July 1945, Operation Overcast and Operation Paperclip, two highly secret programs, were established to exploit V-2 rocket knowledge.

1945-1942: Dr. Robert H. Goddard was Director of Research for the Navy Department Bureau of Aeronautics. He was developing and testing jet-assisted takeoff and variable thrust liquid propellant rockets, in Roswell, New Mexico and Annapolis, Maryland (Goddard Memorial Association, n.d.).

1942: American science fiction author, George O. Smith, proposed Earth-Venus relay communications satellites (Whalen, n.d.). Also, in 1942, Dr. Robert Goddard was placed on contract at Annapolis, Maryland to develop rocket takeoff mechanisms (Roswell Museum and Art Center, n.d.).

1941: John Whinfield and James Dickson developed polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET was patented in 1941 (Johnson, 2017). The 1947 Roswell balloon crash most probably involved a metalized PET balloon. It would have been a precursory passive communications satellite balloon experiment made from PET. In 1941, BoPET inflatables were not yet totally developed.

1940-1930: During the 1930s and 1940s, Roswell, New Mexico was the home of Dr. Robert H. Goddard. On a ranch near Roswell, Goddard and his team established a rocket research site and conducted rocket experiments (The New Mexico Museum of Space History, n.d.). Scientists at this rocket science test facility collaborated with German scientists about the V2 rocket program. During the post-WWII years, scientists from the Goddard team launched variations of the V2 rocket.

1939: For the most part, Dr. Robert Goddard’s rocket work predated the technology used for the German V-2 missiles. Toward the beginning of WWII, German engineers and scientists occasionally contacted Dr. Goddard directly in New Mexico with technical questions. Thus, before 1939, many of Goddard’s developments may have been copied by German engineers as they developed their V-2 rockets (“V-2 rocket,” n.d.).

1923: Hermann Oberth speculated about the use of geosynchronous communications satellites (Whalen, n.d.).

Conclusion

After conducting select interviews, analyzing existing literature, and evaluating data, I arrived at the following conclusion: During the early and middle 1940s, experiments essential to launching passive communications satellites were being conducted in New Mexico. In Roswell, from approximately 1942 to 1945, Dr. Robert H. Goddard and members of his rocketry team were developing and testing German V-2-like rockets. A passive communications satellite system was proposed by science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke in 1945. In 1946, Dr. Athelstan F. Spilhaus, was developing high-altitude balloons that would stay at a constant height. Dr. Spilhaus’s experiments pioneered the use of polyethylene balloons which were an important tool related to high-altitude research. Polyethylene balloons were manufactured in Mamaroneck, New York and Minneapolis, Minnesota. Experimental balloon test flights were launched from Alamogordo, New Mexico.

The type of rockets Dr. Goddard and his team were working on would be needed to inject Clarke’s passive satellite communications system into orbit around Earth. Members of Dr. Goddard’s rocketry team were living and working near Roswell in 1947. Therefore, it is highly probable that in 1947, an experimental metalized inflated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) balloon, intended for future use as a US government Project Echo passive communications satellite, was covertly undergoing testing as part of, or in conjunction with, a Project Mogul balloon train. The Project Echo precursor had instruments added to it that included some type of temperature sensors to monitor the prototype balloon's skin temperature and pressure sensors to monitor internal pressure. The metal-coated PET balloon was struck by lightning in the vicinity of Roswell, New Mexico during a severe thunder storm. The prototype inflatable metalized balloon—designed to function as an extraterrestrial relay—exploded into shreds when hit by lightning. Hundreds of shards from the metal-covered balloon floated down upon a ranch near Roswell.

Following is a succinct summary of the Roswell UFO mystery: Intelligence is the ability to solve problems and create products that are valued in a culture. Since about 1945, the US government valued passive communications satellites made of a flexible, inelastic material that was coated with metal. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) had been invented in 1941. In 1946, experiments were being conducted with polyethylene to develop high-altitude balloons. Some of the debris retrieved from a ranch near Roswell, New Mexico had an aluminum-like dull finish on one side, but appeared shiny on the other. The fragments were thin, lightweight, and would flex when struck. That debris field near Roswell was hard proof that scientists had invented a way to coat polyethylene with metal by 1947. Thus, technically, an extraterrestrial flying disk did crash close to Roswell, New Mexico during the summer of 1947. The simplest explanation is the best one.

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Rudiak, D. (2001b). 2. Tough, Flexible, Foil-like Material, with Memory. In Roswell Proof. Retrieved April 21, 2018, from (http://roswellproof.homestead.com/debris2_memory_foil.html).

Speigel, L. (2017). Roswell’s Unanswered UFO Questions. In Huffington Post.com. Retrieved May 5, 2018, from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/07/02/roswell-ufo-crash-unanswered_n_7716828.html

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Thomas, D. (1995). The Roswell Incident and Project Mogul. In SKEPTICAL INQUIRER Volume 19.4, July / August 1995. Retrieved May 7, 2018, from https://www.csicop.org/si/show/roswell_incident_and_project_mogul

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An Extraterrestrial Flying Disk Crashed Near Roswell in 1947: Not a UFO

An Extraterrestrial Flying Disk Crashed Near Roswell in 1947: Not a UFO

Preface

     By revisiting and reflecting upon renowned enigmas from the past, curious human beings can effectively re-examine and re-evaluate unexplained phenomena. Exploratory expeditions into Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) history have the potential to reveal clues unnoticed decades earlier. Thus, we learn from history.

In 2018, as a seasoned UFO researcher, I thought it was time to engage my readers more than ever before. So, what I am about to share is strictly from my perspective. But, it’s based on
Dr. Bob Wenzel Gross
Dr. Bob Wenzel Gross
The UFO Chronicles
5-18-18
facts from extensive research. The ensuing paper represents decades of scientifically analyzing a well-documented UFO mystery from a bygone era.

After years of reviewing relevant literature and reflecting upon my interview notes, I began to identify bits of data that in time fell into bigger distinguishable chunks of information. It wasn’t long before I genuinely understood the mystery surrounding the 1947 Roswell UFO case. For me, the Roswell UFO phenomenon embodied, but was not limited to, the following components:
• Debris made of unfamiliar space age metallic materials was observed and recovered near the crash site

• The US government was involved

• At least two contemporary covert projects that collected secret data were entangled

• At least one project had a multiple year research and development cycle

• The government, ufologists, skeptics, and others contributed to disseminating a rare combination of unreliable and conflicting information

• Extraterrestrial hypotheses were proffered and publicized

• A failure of imagination seemed to permeate initial and subsequent investigations
Introduction

Extraterrestrial intelligence exists somewhere in the Universe. On that account, I scientifically study the UFO phenomenon with considerable rigor. I will accept, however, proof of extraterrestrial intelligence on Earth—but only on a case by case basis. For me, absence of evidence is strong evidence of absence.

All UFO cases must withstand scientific scrutiny. Scientists learn from history. Thus, science becomes less wrong over time. By studying times gone by, devout scientific investigators can examine and evaluate credible examples of the UFO phenomenon from a unique vantage point. That vantage point—the past—is an excellent place for spotting patterns. Differentiating and contemplating distinct and elusive patterns makes it possible for human beings to learn from history and grow from past mistakes.

Existential intelligence is a concept that Dr. Howard Gardner explored in the late 1990s. The term intelligence itself deals with how people effectively and efficiently solve problems and create products valued in a given culture (Gardner, 1999). Existential intelligence is the capacity to readily envision the big picture. People with a strong existential intelligence have the distinct ability to think about why things exist. We all possess existential intelligence to some degree.

People with a dominant existential intelligence may wonder if intelligent life exists in the Universe. Individuals with a well-developed existential intelligence also need the freedom to ponder, conceptualize, and hypothesize. Such distinctive characters take pleasure in analyzing and thinking about questions that don’t have clear answers.

Existential intelligence can be grown. Those humans who have nurtured their existential intelligence wonder about how variables interact. They also willingly evaluate how concepts relate to one another (Gangi, 2011). People with a robust existential intelligence naturally detect patterns that connect phenomena.

Partly because of my own enduring existential intelligence, when I view images of unidentifiable aerial phenomenon, I don’t immediately think aliens from another planet are visiting Earth. Similarly, when I actually encounter an object in the air that seems to defy contemporary science, it doesn’t automatically mean to me that the object originated from beyond this world.

The Department of Defense (DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States. Coincidentally, the DOD was created in 1947. It was charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned with national security. Project Blue Book was a US government project that investigated UFO reports between 1947 and 1969. The project was initiated to determine if anomalous aerial vehicles threatened national security (Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d.). Under Blue Book, the US Air Force looked at thousands of reported UFO sightings. Many of those sightings remain unidentified.

Studying history is germane to understanding UFOs. Looking at aerial anomalies from a historical perspective makes it possible to learn from the endeavors of early UFO researchers. Today, UFO enthusiasts cannot afford to repeat the processing errors of the past. Ufology must improve. Therefore, to increase the depth and breadth of knowledge related to the UFO phenomenon, I revisited a well-documented UFO incident from 1947: The Roswell, New Mexico UFO crash.

The Roswell Story Overview

New Mexico is the fifth largest state in the United States with a total area of approximately 121,700 square miles. Much of New Mexico is sandy, undeveloped, and desolate. The state’s wide open spaces and clear blue skies make it an ideal location for working on rockets, launching experimental payloads, and testing atomic bombs (“New Mexico,” n.d.).

In addition to its distinctive landscape, New Mexico has a unique culture. More specifically, New Mexico has a cowboy culture that blends hard work, innovation, and individualism with a love for adventure. Some inhabitants call it the Land of Enchantment (Visit Albuquerque, n.d.).

I was first introduced to New Mexico in 2001. Up to that time, my professional career had been rewarding. It encompassed a wide continuum of jobs mostly in the realm of education. But, the tragedy of September 11, 2001, forced me to rethink my calling. I placed my life’s work on hold and joined AmeriCorps. While in AmeriCorps—the Domestic Peace Corps—I served as a volunteer in New Mexico. While living and working there, I traveled rather extensively and learned as much as I could about that entrancing southwestern state and its inhabitants.

I was an AmeriCorps volunteer participating in an arts education project in Las Cruces, New Mexico. The project used the performing, literary, and visual arts to improve the quality of education in failing schools near Mexico. This not-for-profit endeavor incorporated safe after school programs, interdisciplinary arts education programs, and community projects. I helped teams of visual and performing artists coach teachers about integrating the arts into their core curriculums.

Then, in 2004, I was hired as the chief licensed administrator for a new charter school in Las Cruces. My responsibilities included developing and implementing: policies, regulations, procedures, and curriculums. I made sure all enrolled students received instruction that exceeded the state standards. I also managed course development, program evaluations, extracurricular activities, personnel issues, finances, facilities, scheduling, and discipline procedures. Moreover, I coordinated school assessments, delivered staff development workshops, and wrote grants. In my spare time, I produced and participated in informational television programs about the school.

Later, from 2005 to 2007, I lived and worked on the Navajo Reservation near Crownpoint, New Mexico. There, I was employed by the U.S. Department of the Interior to serve as a turnaround specialist, educational consultant, headmaster, and executive director. I oversaw all educational aspects of a grant school. The school was located on the Eastern Navajo Agency.

The Navajo’s tasked me with establishing an education system built on the Navajo language and culture. To accomplish my task, I quickly learned how to interpret and implement federal, state, local, and tribal laws. In addition, I was required to lobby for the Navajo Nation at state and national meetings. Conjointly, I spoke on behalf of the Navajo Tribe at Tribal Budget Advisory Committee meetings in Washington, DC.

Following that job, I worked as a turnaround administrator for a small school district located between Albuquerque and Las Cruces, New Mexico. From 2007 to 2010, I lived and worked in the small resort town of Truth or Consequences. In that place, I functioned as part of an administrative team to improve the local schools’ education programs. Besides that, I acted as a district hearing officer and served on a New Mexico gang task force that trained in Roswell, New Mexico.

Roswell was famous for an alleged UFO incident. The event took place in that southwestern city during 1947. Explanations of what took place back then were based on official and unofficial communications.

On or about July 8, 1947 a press release was issued stating personnel from Roswell Army Air Field (RAAF) had retrieved the remnants of a crashed flying disk (Mutual UFO Network [MUFON], n.d.-b). Although, nobody actually saw the disk in the air, the press release conveyed that a flying disk had crashed on a ranch near Roswell, New Mexico (Rudiak, 2001a). Allegedly, the flying disk was damaged during a powerful storm. As might have been predicted, a military whitewash followed (Olmsted, 2009).

The crash debris was salvaged from the ranch and flown to General Roger Ramey in Fort Worth, Texas for inspection. After the remains were examined, General Ramey stated that RAAF personnel had actually retrieved a wrecked weather balloon. A press conference was ultimately held so the debris could be displayed and then photographed by the media. For all intents and purposes, the wreckage appeared to have been bits and pieces of a weather balloon (MUFON, n.d.-b).

In due course, the incident faded from public attention. Then, in 1978, a ufologist and nuclear physicist, Stanton T. Friedman, interviewed Major Jesse Marcel who was involved with the original 1947 debris retrieval. Marcel expressed his belief that the military had covered up salvaging an alien spacecraft. Marcel’s story quickly spread through UFO circles. It was featured in UFO documentaries and publications. In 1980, the National Enquirer ran an interview with Marcel that brought national and worldwide attention to the Roswell incident.

As a result, UFO proponents pushed that an alien craft was found, its occupants captured, and the military covered it up. Conspiracy theories clearly fomented the original event. The Roswell incident grew into a popular UFO mystery.

In 1995, the General Accounting Office released the results of a report that concluded the debris retrieved from a Roswell ranch in 1947 was from Project Mogul (MUFON, n.d.-b). Project Mogul was a US Military Air Force surveillance balloon experiment classified TOP SECRET in 1946. Mogul employed experimental high-altitude surveillance balloons. Apparently, when a Mogul balloon smashed into the sands of a New Mexican ranch, the military decided to hide Project Mogul’s real identity. Unlike a typical weather balloon, Project Mogul’s gear was enormous and contained unusual types of materials. According to research conducted by the New York Times, Project Mogul employed big balloons, reflectors, lightweight sticks, and sharp pieces of metal foil (Broad, 1994). Today, Roswell continues to be the most publicized of all alleged UFO incidents (MUFON, n.d.-b). Since the late 1970s, the Roswell occurrence has also been the subject of much controversy.

Prediction

After an initial review of the existing literature, I predicted that an experimental prototype of a US government passive communications satellite—not a Project Mogul balloon or weather balloon—crashed on a ranch near Roswell, New Mexico in 1947. Two years prior to that crash, the concept of a passive communications satellite system was proposed by science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke. Moreover, one year before the Roswell crash, a study about satellites found that launching an orbiting probe of sorts would have a vivid effect on world opinion. Furthermore, a satellite is a great communications relay.

Unfamiliar Space Age Metallic Debris Retrieved Near Crash

Eyewitnesses maintained that some fragments retrieved near Roswell, New Mexico in 1947 had an aluminum-like dull finish on one side, but appeared shiny on the other. The stuff was thin, lightweight, and would flex—not dent—when struck. The peculiar metal seemed to be cut and perforation proof. Most pieces were jagged and seemed as if they had been exploded. Although the shards had burn marks on them, they were not scratched. These metallic bits could be folded, but they would quickly go back to their original shapes (Rudiak, 2001b). The debris was scientifically analyzed, but none of it was determined extraterrestrial in origin (Korff, 1997).

US Government Involvement

The state of New Mexico played a significant part in developing the US government’s early space program. For instance, New Mexico is home to the White Sands Missile Range that established its headquarters near Las Cruces. Also, the Trinity Site in Alamogordo is the location of the world’s first atomic bomb that was detonated in 1945. Moreover, New Mexico houses an Air and Space Park. On display in this park is a spacecraft that is 86 feet tall—allegedly the largest rocket ever launched from New Mexico. The park also features an outdoor track once used to test the human body’s tolerances. For more than eighty years, New Mexico has been on the cutting edge regarding new developments in aerospace and rocketry. Much of the early work that paved the way for the US government to become a world leader in space happened in the state of New Mexico (The New Mexico Museum of Space History, n.d.).

The Roswell crash was perhaps the greatest of all US government cover-ups. The story of the US government’s Project Mogul can be pieced together from US Air Force reports and other documents. The Mogul spying system was the brainchild of Dr. Maurice Ewing. Early in his career, Dr. Ewing worked at conducting naval research on the transmission of sound.

Mogul balloon test flights were launched from Alamogordo, New Mexico—a short distance from Roswell. The United States Armed Forces maintained that the debris from the 1947 Roswell crash was the remnants of an experimental high-altitude surveillance balloon belonging to Project Mogul. Back then, the US government was required to protect TOP SECRET information (Broad, 1994).

Two Contemporary Covert Projects Entangled

Project Mogul

In 1944, Dr. Maurice Ewing theorized that the Earth's atmosphere might contain a sound channel. Hence, he proposed a surveillance system to the US Air Force that could monitor distant nuclear blasts. In 1946, Project Mogul was given TOP SECRET classification. The project’s primary purpose was the long distance detection of sound waves generated by atomic bomb tests.

Project Mogul essentially involved flying microphones on high-altitude balloons. The Mogul venture was carried out from 1947 until early 1949. The project’s mission was moderately successful, but it was very expensive. It was superseded by a network of seismic detectors and air sampling devices for fallout, which were cheaper, more reliable, and easier to deploy and operate. The early Mogul balloons consisted of large clusters of rubber meteorological balloons; however, these were quickly replaced by enormous balloons made of polyethylene plastic. The replacement balloons were more durable, leaked less helium, and were better at holding a constant altitude than the early rubber balloons (“Project Mogul,” n.d.).

Since Mogul’s, goal was to search the atmosphere for reverberations from nuclear tests, the project sought out prominent scientists and academic institutions to develop all kinds of balloons and detecting equipment. Dr. Ewing and Columbia University were involved in developing sensors. A prominent meteorologist at New York University, Dr. Athelstan F. Spilhaus, was hired to develop high altitude balloons that would stay at a constant height.

At first, the Air Force’s balloon-related experiments used neoprene meteorological balloons. Later, the use of polyethylene balloons was pioneered. Project Mogul used polyethylene balloons manufactured in New York and in Minneapolis. Many test flights of balloons were launched from Alamogordo, New Mexico.

Allegedly, the 1947 Roswell crash debris no longer exists. Thus, it cannot be proven that the debris recovered from the Roswell ranch was related to Project Mogul. Photographs taken in 1947 and published seem to show damaged fragments of collapsed balloons and radar reflectors. Supposedly, the Air Force’s Roswell-related reports excluded all evidence that conflicted with its Project Mogul conclusion. Those reports ignored statements from witnesses who described unusually strong, light weight, material that looked like a kind of metal foil (Broad, 1994).

Passive Communications Satellites

In 1942, George O. Smith proposed the concept of Earth-Venus relay communications satellites (Whalen, n.d.). A passive communications satellite system was detailed by science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke in 1945. Passive communications satellites were intended to be inflatable spheres with a thin metal-coated plastic skin.

Project Echo eventually became the USA’s first official passive communications satellite experiment. Each Echo spacecraft was a metalized balloon satellite functioning as a passive reflector for microwave signals. Communication signals were bounced off them from one point on Earth to another. In addition, NASA's new inflatable satellite program could gather information about the upper atmosphere and radiation. Moreover, these dirigible-like experiments could collect valuable information about the military buildup on Earth (Hansen, 1995).

From 1959 to 1964, three refined Project Echo passive communications satellites were launched. Regrettably, the initial test of a full-sized sphere ended abruptly with the sphere exploding as it inflated (“Project Echo,” n.d.). The 1959 test of an Echo 1 Passive Communications Satellite ended abruptly when the inflating sphere exploded—ripping the satelloon to shreds. Thousands of fragments of aluminum-covered balloon floated back to Earth. The shards reflected the light of the setting sun and created a sensation of flashing lights. However, in 1961, NASA’s Echo IA satellite was successfully sent into orbit around the Earth. During 1964, NASA was able to send Echo II, a rigidized balloon passive communications satellite experiment, into orbit (Hansen, 1995).

Initially, each Echo spacecraft was designed to be a 30.5 meter diameter balloon made of 0.0127 millimeter thick Mylar polyester film. A set of beacon transmitters would be carried for telemetry. The transmitters were powered by nickel-cadmium batteries that were charged by solar cells mounted on the balloon. Eventually, a 41.1 meter diameter Mylar balloon was used with an improved inflation system to increase the balloon's smoothness and sphericity.

Instrumentation was added which included temperature sensors to monitor the balloon's skin temperature and pressure sensors to monitor the balloon's internal pressure. A beacon system, consisting of two transmitter assemblies, provided tracking and telemetry signals. The beacon system used solar cell panels for power (Jet Propulsion Laboratory National Aeronautics Space Administration, n.d.).

Research and Development Cycle

During the 1930’s and 1940s, Roswell was the home of Dr. Robert Goddard. On a ranch near Roswell, New Mexico, Dr. Goddard and his team established a rocket research site and conducted rocket experiments (The New Mexico Museum of Space History, n.d.). For the most part, Dr. Robert Goddard’s rocket work predated the technology used for the German V-2 missiles.

John Whinfield and James Dickson developed and patented polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in 1941 (Johnson, 2017). In 1946, a panel was convened to study experiments in progress that had the potential of sooner or later being launched by V-2 rockets. Also in 1946, an independent study of Earth satellites by Project RAND observed that a satellite launch would have a dramatic effect on world opinion. The study also found satellites might have a promising future if used as communications relays (Whalen, n.d.).

The research and development cycle for the passive communications satellite project encompassed untried experiments in at least four major areas: 1. The use of polyethylene balloons that stay at a constant height area—polyethylene lessens the up-at-day, down-at-night cycle for high altitude balloons (Broad, 1994). 2. The satelloon or metalized balloon development area—including tensile stress testing. 3. The rocket development area—involving the process of injecting satelloons into orbit around the Earth. 4. The inflation area—flawlessly inflating the folded satelloons that are jettisoned from their small payload canisters (NASA, 2011).

The Echo Passive Communications Satellite Project had a relatively long research and development cycle. Essentially, the project’s complete cycle—from inception to first successful launch—lasted from 1945 to 1961. It was approximately sixteen (16) years from the onset of the Passive Communications Satellite Project’s design, development, and test period to its decline and take over by the Echo II Project and other satellite programs.