Showing posts with label Believers. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Believers. Show all posts

Friday, July 28, 2017

UFOs: Belief Vs. Knowledge

 Blogs UFOs: Belief Vs. Knowledge

     Over the four years of this blog’s existence, I’ve been asked repeatedly by fans and reporters whether or not I “believe in UFOs.” I am of the opinion that a person’s outlook on UFOs should not be put in the context of “belief.” I think the whole thing comes down to belief vs. knowledge.
By Cheryl Costa
www.syracusenewtimes.com
7-21-17

[...]

In many societies we frequently associate belief with blind faith acceptance. Traditionally this sort of conviction usually falls into the category of dogmatic religious doctrine. You either believe or accept the doctrine, or you don’t.

[...]

With regard to UFOs, our society carries this same sort of view, which labels or judges the character of those who state a position with respect to the existence of UFOs. I argue that UFOs and off-worlders are not a matter of faith but rather a case of knowledge based on some criteria of confirmation.

Monday, November 07, 2016

Esquire Labels UFO Enthusiasts Crackpots as Election Nears

Esquire Labels UFO Enthusiasts Crackpots as Election Nears
Esquire paints UFO enthusiasts “crackpots” and “believers” as election nears

     The 2016 election is dividing the nation against itself: husbands against wives, nephews against angry drunk uncles, Republicans against Republicans, and UFO believer against UFO believer. While one might think Donald Trump's proclivity for unfounded and unlikely
Adam Raymond
www.esquire.com
10-24-16
theories gleaned from obscure blogs would endear him to the-truth-is-out-there crowd, Hillary Clinton has been the one making a concerted effort to appeal to E.T. lovers. "My candidate is Donald Trump because he's not a politician," one Nevadan UFO hunter told CNN last year. "I could be wrong, but the extraterrestrials tell me that Donald Trump is the one to lead America."

Thursday, June 11, 2015

The Roswell Slides: The Seduction of the Will to Believe

The Roswell Slides: The Seduction of the Will to Believe

By Tim Hebert
timhebert.blogspot.com
6-8-15

     One would think that the mystery was solved concerning the Roswell Slides. Definitive proof was offered that the slides depicted the mummified remains of a two year old child in the settings of a Colorado museum in Mesa Verde. This coming about by deblurring the placard associated with the mummy. But apparently this is not how professional UFO researchers go about their business. There appears to be another aspect to their research...rebranding the product.

For the past few weeks, all of those responsible for this sordid affair have hitched their respective horses to a new hypothesis: "The mummy is not that of a child, but that of a mummified ET and that it is possible that disinformation agents had intentionally produced the language on the placard as a means of misdirection."

This is a rather convoluted approach, but highlights the powerful aspects of the "will to believe." The US government falsified the placard writings to hide the fact that the mummy was actually that of an alien, yet allowed this historical find to go on display for the general public to view. I assume this could be construed as "hiding in plain sight."

According to Jamie Maussan, et al, the bizarre appearance of the mummy continues to baffle his medical "experts." The bizarre physical appearance apparently has led these so-called experts to conclude that the mummy can't possibly be human. I might remind the reader that all of this "expert" analysis is coming from a mere photograph. There is no actual body to thoroughly assess and render a real expert opinion. Most are left with speculation at best.

If one ventures over to Kevin Randle's blog, the seductive power of the "will to believe" is currently being displayed in full force. The comments rendered on Randle's site display magnificently the art of the circular argument and/or the vain attempts just to argue a point to death regardless of the evidence that has been offered and accepted by most sensible individuals. It is as if Occam's Razor has been defecated on and tossed aside. Yes, I'm well aware that Occam has been discarded by Ufologist and ET believers, since it's basic and primordial premise is to separate the logical from the illogical. I assume that such thoughts are not to be considered as sacrosanct.

Some of Randle's blog commentators have resorted to the tactic of: "The universe is so vast and complete with billions of galaxies that we surely can not be alone and it's not out of the question that we have been visited by ET civilizations." Despite this being totally out of context to the Roswell slide issue, no one from the RSG has argued against this assertion. This tends to be a poor attempt to deflect from the issue that the slides depict a mummified human child, yet a prime example of ET proponents presenting illogical evidence combined with poor arguments defending the illogical.

In the end, believers get the brand of ufology that they deserve. They must overcome the suductive powers of their own cognitive biases. We, the RSG, have attempted to help in this area despite the push back from others. The RSG has offered up how we (collective we) deciphered/deblurred the placard. This process has been shown to be repeatable resulting in the same conclusions...scientific method prevails on this point so the issue has been resolved with the exception of a few delusional souls. BTW, this was offered free of charge and without dramatic fanfare.

The truth, as painful to some as it may be, is that the image is that of a mummy of human origin, bizarre as it's appearance may be to some. I'm still awaiting to see if David Rudiak has sent his request to have the images reviewed and assessed by a forensic anthropologist that he knows...no info back from David at this time. Nothing wrong with this approach as I feel confident that any half-assed anthropologist will come to the same conclusion...mummy of human origin.

Continue Reading . . .

See Also:

SETI's Seth Shostak Chimes in On The Roswell Slides

Roswell Slides Aftermath: Odds and Ends

Questions About The Roswell Slides Fiasco Remain

Roswell Slides: Alien Charade Continues Despite Acknowledged Facts | VIDEO

Roswell Slide Promoter, Don Schmitt Back on Stage

"Alien Mummy Fiasco in Mexico City Has Pretty Much Played Itself Out"

Roswell Slides Debacle: "The Public Deserves a Financial Accounting"

Roswell Slides: "The 'Alien' Photograph was Pure Theater"

Roswell Slides UPDATE: Schmitt Caves, Issues Mea Culpa; Blame Game Continues

Roswell Slides: Mexican Media Highlights Condemnation of 'Maussan Mummy Show'

Roswell Alien Slide Promoters Issue Conflicting Statements After Photos are Identified As a Child Mummy

Roswell Alien Crash Happened, Despite BeWitness Debacle, Claims NASA Astronaut

Roswell Slides UPDATE: Mummy of Mesa Verde - ID Confirmed

The Roswell Slides: UFO Researcher Apologizes; 'Dead Alien' Picture is of Child Mummy

Roswell Slides Update: Mummy is Identified; Mea Culpa Issued and Blame Game Begins

The Roswell Slides: Analysis of The Placard Image Released By Adam Dew

Roswell Slides Final Curtain: Mummified Body of Two Year Old Boy!

The Roswell Slides Reveal: Probable Hoax or Easily Explainable / Misidentified

Roswell Slides Revealed: '... A Smoking Gun It Is Not'

Roswell Slides: Smoking Gun Picture is Child Mummy

Roswell Slides: Photo Unveiling Was 'An epic Fail'

The Roswell Slides Time Bomb: Tick, Tick, Tick (Redux)

Stanton Friedman Chimes in On Alleged Roswell Alien Slides (Redux)

‘Roswell Slides’: A 20th Anniversary Commemoration of ‘Alien Autopsy’ Hoax?

What if the Roswell Slides Saga is a Social Experiment or a Hoax?

Another Promotional Trailer for Roswell Alien Slides & Upcoming Show | VIDEO

Carey & Schmitt Walk Back Roswell Alien Slides Story | VIDEO – INTERVIEW

The Roswell Slides ARE NOT the Roswell Slides | VIDEO

Roswell Aliens Slides Shot at White Sands Missile Range? | VIDEO

ROSWELL ALIEN SLIDES UPDATE: Original Evidence Won't Be Shown in Mexico?

The Roswell Slides and Stan Friedman

The Roswell Slides and the 'Lieutenant'

Stanton Friedman Chimes in On Alleged Roswell Alien Slides and His Declination to Participate in Upcoming Show

The Roswell Slides Saga: Some Claims vs Some Facts

Is This Mummy the Famous "Alien" in the Roswell Slides?

The Roswell Slides - A Matter of Provenance

'Roswell Slides' or Fraud Prints?

The Roswell Slides Time Bomb: Tick, Tick, Tick

The Roswell Slides and a Little Hypocrisy

The Roswell Slides: Adios

'Roswell Alien Slides' Owner Speaks Out

The Roswell Slides and Me (Kevin Randle)

More Info On Roswell Alien Slides; Adam Dew Interviewed By Chicago News Station | VIDEO

Chicago Man Uncovered Secret Alien Pics? | VIDEO

Spying on the Roswell Slides

Sneak Peak at The Roswell Alien Slides?

Live Press Conference with Roswell Alien Slides Researchers | VIDEO

Pictures of the Beings Found in Roswell to Be Presented by Jaime Maussan | VIDEO

Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson is Shown Roswell Alien Slides | VIDEO

Maussan Explains Origin of Roswell Alien Slides & Upcoming Show | VIDEO

First Glimpse of Roswell Alien Slides Documentary – Surprise! | VIDEO

Roswell Alien Slides To Be Unveiled in May Via a Live Streamed Event

The Roswell Slides and the Aztec UFO Crash

The Roswell Slides and Premature Disclosure

Roswell Researcher, Tom Carey Announces Discovery of Alien Photographs | VIDCAST

"Two Color Kodachrome Slides ... Purport To Show A Glass-Encased Alien Cadaver"

Real Alien Autopsy Photos: 'Roswell' Image Of Extra-Terrestrial Body Dated To 1947

Roswell UFO Researcher Claims He Has Alien Photos | VIDEO

Noted Roswell Researcher Talks of 'Smoking Gun Evidence' at University Forum

“How Often Does An Honors Class Take A Serious Look At UFOS?"

Journalist, Miles O'Brien To Moderate UFO Panel at American University | VIDEO

New Details of Alleged Roswell Alien Slides/Photos Revealed





REPORT YOUR UFO EXPERIENCE

Saturday, December 20, 2014

Project Core, the UFO Community and Professional Research

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Jack Brewer By Jack Brewer
The UFO Trail
12-16-14

      Reports from Project Core were recently published at projectcore.net. The project was a professionally conducted research endeavor in which written testimonies of paranormal experiences from over 200 individuals were obtained via surveys and considered at length. Questions were posed to respondents in which trends in responses could be analyzed. Several avenues for potentially productive future research were subsequently identified.

Project Core team members included self-described experiencers of paranormal phenomena Jeff Ritzmann and Jeremy Vaeni. Working on the project were also Dr. Tyler A. Kokjohn, Dr. D. Ellen K. Tarr and Dr. Kimbal E. Cooper.

I have read all material posted on the Project Core website. After having revisited the reports and commentaries a few times, and feeling that I have reasonably processed the data and observations contained therein, I feel there are some important points.

Aristotle
Science pioneer Aristotle
Among the more relevant observations, in my opinion, is that such a project is most certainly possible within the UFO and paranormal communities. Not only does Project Core contradict popularly held assumptions that science is unable to systematically and competently address reported paranormal phenomena, but it also demonstrates that self-described experiencers and professional researchers can collaborate on such ventures.

That leads us to another important point I considered as a byproduct of reviewing Project Core: Extreme opposite camps within ufology, which I will for the time being label "unquestioning believers" and "stubborn debunkers", share responsibilities for collective tire-spinning. Futility rests on the shoulders of both demographics, not just one or the other.

Unquestioning Believers

Obviously, unquestioning belief is unattractive to critical thinkers. It is easy to see how claims of vacuum cleaner nozzles on the surface of Mars might lower public interest in the UFO genre, at least among those some of us might prefer be drawn to it.

David Jacobs
Retired historian David Jacobs
In addition to those who consistently try to direct our attention to interpretations of photos at craptastic dot com, the unquestioning believer side of the scale also includes individuals and organizations which manipulate and shape those poorly conceived beliefs. That would include alien-hunting hypnotists that sell their clients' data without consent, historians that recommend chastity belts to their research subjects, and the organizations that provide them venues to promote their unsupported claims while prospecting for more people to exploit.

There is even much more to it than that, though. Among the additional harmful social dynamics is a cultism that quickly embraces newcomers seeking credible information. In return for courageous open-mindedness, newcomers are often bombarded with assurances that everyone abducted by aliens had difficulty accepting it at first. The pseudo recovery might include suggestions to attend meetings purported to provide emotional support which, in actuality, serve to spread such beliefs inherent to the genre as big news about an alien presence will be released any day by the White House. One might also get indoctrinated with a lot of material that will assure future hypnosis sessions would go as hoped.

If one is fortunate enough to get out of a recon mission into the UFO community without landing in front of a rogue hypnotist and author masquerading as a therapist, they can cut their losses and return to a life where they keep relatively quiet about those 'something weird happened one time' stories. If not that fortunate, well, then they have a whole lot more emotional baggage to carry and healing to do than they started with – and that's if they're wise and brave enough to consider that many of those "helpful" UFO people have no idea whatsoever what the hell they're talking about.

So the unquestioning believer demographic has many detrimental aspects. One of the most damaging is that its members are prone to interpreting the experiences of others and thinking themselves qualified to explain them in outrageously assumptive detail. The bottom line is that people of higher intelligence and emotional availability don't want other people trying to tell them what happened to them who have no idea and don't even know they don't.

Stubborn Debunkers

The stubborn debunkers conduct a different, but nonetheless detrimental, brand of bait and switch. They often try to lead newcomers to believe they promote skepticism and rationality when, in actuality, they can be among the most opinionated, dogmatic demographics one might ever encounter. Healthy skepticism is a very good thing - I would confidently say entirely necessary - but it is nowhere to be found among stubborn debunkers and despite their claims to the contrary.

They make fun of people who hold ideas and beliefs different than their own, employ sarcasm as a preferred mode of expressing themselves, and, by and large, do not even conduct research – they just criticize and make light of others who do, unless it happens to support their preferred perspective. They virtually never address a topic of which they are unwilling to offer speculative conclusions, and they fail miserably at asking the right, productive questions.

James Randi
Self-described skeptic James Randi
In his 1992 paper, 'CSICOP and the Skeptics: An Overview', writer/researcher George P. Hansen observed that facets of the organized skeptical movement opted to employ an extended public relations campaign rather than conduct research. "These activities display more parallels with political campaigns than with scientific endeavors," Hansen wrote. His paper frequently came to mind while reading Project Core and considering how the project embodied what professional research conducted by competent and qualified individuals actually looks like and is capable of producing.

Stubborn debunkers typically attempt to minimize reported experiences of high strangeness or conspiratorial implications by employing any number of explanations that might indeed be applicable in some circumstances, but do not necessarily apply to a case at hand. While the burden of proof indeed falls upon one asserting a claim, the fact of the matter is that a more discerning group of experiencers and researchers do not assert claims, but simply question. The bottom line - again - is that people of higher intelligence and emotional availability don't want other people trying to tell them what happened to them who have no idea and don't even know they don't. Same as with the unquestioning believers. Whether one's field of interest includes psychic phenomena, entities, the intelligence community or most anything else, they should prefer to allow facts lead them to conclusions, not lobbying techniques.

Professional Research

So to tie this together, the UFO community consists of demographics with virtually polar opposite beliefs but each detrimentally effecting the paranormal genre in similar manners: They try to lead others to believe they are able to explain things to them of which they actually have little idea, are frequently unfamiliar with relevant material and are often not even qualified to venture an intelligent guess. People therefore become very reluctant to share their ideas and experiences for various different reasons, not just the well known fear of ridicule invoked by stubborn debunkers, but also because they don't want unquestioning believers saddling their reputations with wild and disturbing rumors based upon little more than questionable interpretations of reality.

And that is what's different about Project Core. I could tell you a lot of things it's not, but here's what it is: An objective and professional assessment of experiences reported by over 200 individuals, as well as assessments of answers provided to a series of specific questions. The only stipulations for reporting experiences were to provide sincere accounts, no matter how bizarre the perceived events, and to not submit any information obtained via hypnosis.

Researchers demonstrated a full awareness that surveys obtained did not necessarily contain accurate information, but might at times be more representative of what respondents interpreted, such as in the cases of reported physiological circumstances and perceived experiences. Data was professionally organized and presented, with much careful consideration given to patterns and correlations that seemed to emerge.

About a third of those surveyed indicated multiple witnesses were present during the events. Taking into consideration that many respondents reported multiple experiences, researchers suggested that future events might be accurately anticipated. A number of additional avenues for future research were also identified, including the implementation of cost effective technological advances.

It was also apparent that researchers of alleged alien abduction have largely failed to explore the cases of witnesses who have unaided conscious recall of events. Pursuing such witnesses, while ceasing to rely upon regressive hypnosis as an investigative tool, was strongly suggested.

Yet another emerging point was that respondents largely felt their experiences have not been portrayed accurately in media. Researchers considered that assertion might be due to the more bizarre aspects of the reports being frequently omitted by those portraying the experiences to the public. Readers were additionally free to surmise that ill advised use of regressive hypnosis, and leading of witnesses by biased hypnotists and investigators, likely play major roles in such inaccurate media portrayal. While reading Project Core reports, it seemed entirely possible to me that the common abduction narrative is, in reality, a rather small percentage of reported experiences, if not largely inaccurate and unreported. At the least, it appeared reasonable to question if the stereotypical alien abduction narrative is a very poor representation of what people perceive themselves to be experiencing.

I recommend reading the material posted at Project Core. There are several intriguing points and interesting insights.

But mostly I recommend it because it serves as a model of what professional research of reported paranormal experiences looks like. Pro research is pro research. Everything else is not.

Monday, June 16, 2014

"There is no Doubt, However, that UFOs are Real"

"There is no Doubt, However, that UFOs are Real"

Fall back position

By Terry Mejdrich
www.grandrapidsmn.com
6-15-14

    The recent column, “Chimps, humans, and ET,” generated some interesting comments from readers. Several readers forwarded news articles and YouTube clips ‘proving’ the existence of extraterrestrials on earth.

Worldwide, UFO enthusiasts are a mixed bag of serious researchers, disturbed individuals, and con artists. There are those who believe an alien invasion is imminent. There are those who state categorically that they have been ‘processed’ by aliens and subjected to physical examinations. Others claim that they have been part of a forced breeding program to create alien-human hybrids. However outlandish these stories may be, for the most part these people are dead serious. Yet these stories are mostly anecdotal accounts and are unsupported by physical evidence. Without physical evidence it is impossible to prove or disprove them.

There is no doubt, however, that UFOs are real. When I was 10-years old, I noticed a very bright object in the late evening sky. It shown brightly and remained in a fixed position. It was much brighter than the planet Venus, which would have been the logical explanation. As dusk settled, it began to slowly move. I went into the house and tried to get the adults to come outside and look at it, but they were too busy playing cards. When I went back outside, the object had taken off, leaving a meandering reddish glowing trail painted brightly across the evening sky. It was not a planet or airplane. It might have been a weather balloon, but to my knowledge weather balloons do not leave trails. The point is I don’t know what it was, but that doesn’t mean it was an alien spacecraft or a divine creation.

Every period of human history has a ‘fall back’ position for the unexplained. For most of human history that ‘gap’ in knowledge has been filled by a divine presence, i.e. God or gods. Gods have always been the placeholders for our ignorance of natural phenomenon. Gradually, as the discoveries of science have cast light in the darkness, these placeholders have lost their relevance. So the hundreds of human-invented gods for all the natural forces and human emotions have dissipated under the gradual onslaught of discovered facts. Some will say we no longer need a ‘God of gaps’ and that eventually science will fill in all the remaining missing pieces. . . .

Friday, May 03, 2013

The Conspiracy Religion: UFOs and You

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The Conspiracy Religion: UFOs and You

By Alexandra Petri
www.washingtonpost.com
5-3-13

      I am holding a pamphlet from the Foundation for Extraterrestrial Investigations.

“With every mind that is able to lift the veil of ignorance from their eyes,” it proclaims, “the world is one step closer to what is right. There was a time when man believed that frogs were given birth by mud, simply because they were observed to be hopping about from its depths with such avid regularity. We once were sure that the world was flat, and that if one were to stray too far from the center, they would fall into oblivion off its edge. Not too many years past, it was deemed wholly acceptable to enslave a man, woman, or child, for no other reason than the color of their skin. One of the most amazing characteristics of the human race is our ability to evolve. We can evolve not only physically, but even more importantly we can learn to change the way that we think. Unless we feel it advantageous to live our lives within a flattened world where mud spawned frogs hop about the chained and shackled feet of our brothers, then let us not refuse to see the truth of our world as it is. We are not alone. We never have been.”

It must be nice to live in this world.

If you believe in conspiracy theories, everything is being taken care of. It is all very orderly and circular, bound up with “petro-dollars” and shadowy agendas.

In this world, the UFO enthusiasts’ Citizen Hearing on Disclosure (this week at the National Press Club) was a long-overdue shot of pure truth. . . .

Thursday, April 28, 2011

When Facts Fail: UFO Cults, 'Birthers' and Cognitive Dissonance

UFO Believers



By Susan Perry
minnpost.com
4-28-11

     More than 50 years ago, University of Minnesota social psychologist Leon Festinger and two colleagues wrote these words in the opening to “When Prophecy Fails,” their groundbreaking case study on cognitive dissonance:
A man with a conviction is a hard man to change. Tell him you disagree and he turns away. Show him facts or figures and he questions your sources. Appeal to logic and he fails to see your point.

We have all experienced the futility of trying to change a strong conviction, especially if the convinced person has some investment in his belief. We are familiar with the variety of ingenious defenses with which people protect their convictions, managing to keep them unscathed through the most devastating attacks.

Thursday, August 06, 2009

UFO Believers
Part II

UFO Believers
By Frank Warren
The UFO Chronicles
© 2006-2009

     For those of us that have been around long enough to watch the transition of the media “reporting” the news to the “editorializing” of it, and some would say as of late the “propagation” of it—many of us realize the power the medium wields which publishes this information. I often have said that “the greatest power on the earth is the media, and that the most powerful people, are those that hold the reins.”

Most military historians can cite the use of, and agree upon the importance of “propaganda” and its sister “censorship.” The layperson may find it surprising that the “powers-that-be” used those very tools from the very introduction (in a public way) to the “UFO phenomenon.”

When UFOs were reported off the coast in 1941 which set off “two alarms” and initiated a “blackout,” in the aftermath the “War Department” over turned “eye witness accounts” of their “Generals in place” and said the actions were “only tests.” Similarly, in February of 1942 it happened again, the powers-that-be discounted the declarations of thousands of witnesses, and gave an “explanation” of jittery war nerves.

As the war progressed and pilots were reporting what they nicknamed, ”Foo Fighters ,” (UFOs trailing our aircraft) a silence order was quickly put into effect. After the war in 1946, the Swedish officials exorcised “censorship” with the media in regards to what would be called Ghost Rockets.

Following the death (in 1947) of two “official UFO investigators” (Brown & Davidson) of the Army’s CIC (Counter Intelligence Corps) in a fiery airplane crash, after meeting “flying saucer witness” Kenneth Arnold the military “put a muzzle on the media” for weeks.

In 1953, a group was put together by the CIA called “The Robertson Panel,” led by its namesake H. P. Robertson, a noted physicist from the California Institute of Technology. The panel consisted of a distinguished group of non-military scientists to study the UFO issue. It included Samuel A. Goudsmit, a nuclear physicist from the Brookhaven National Laboratories; Luis Alvarez, a high-energy physicist; Thornton Page, the deputy director of the Johns Hopkins Operations Research Office and an expert on radar and electronics; and Lloyd Berkner, a director of the Brookhaven National Laboratories and a specialist in geophysics.

Following a very “brief investigation” the panel concluded that the manipulation of information to the public was paramount. The panel recommended to the “National Security Council” that UFO reports be debunked and a policy of public education instituted to reassure the masses of the lack of evidence behind UFOs. It suggested using the media, advertising, business clubs, schools, and even the Disney corporation to get the message across.

The Air Force terminated its (overt) investigation (Project Blue Book) of UFOs in 1969 with the completion of the “Condon Report.” The common consensus amongst Ufologists is that “Blue Book” was at the least a “weak attempt” at investigating the phenomenon, and at most, an “internal cog” of the “debunking process.”

Which brings us back to recent times; back to the media using terms like believe, believers, enthusiasts etc., in regards to reporting the UFO phenomenon. (Noted Ufologist Richard Hall in How to debunk UFOs and Discredit UFO Proponents, writes, “Always refer to them as UFO believers or ETH believers, implying that their position is faith-based.”) Some believe that there exists a conspiracy today executed by those whom hold the reins to what Americans read, see or hear regarding the news, specifically in relation to UFO reports.

Whether the latter is true or not, is open for debate; however, in my view, the past actions of the powers-that-be certainly have had a “psycho-sociological effect” on society, as well as the media and this phenomenon has crossed generations.

Imagine if you will a news report about the “Empire State Building,” with a reporter stating, “Empire State Building believers” gathered today . . . or “Washington Monument believers” stated today . . .. Doesn’t make sense does it. Associating the verb “believers” with a “factual” thing is nonsensical—period! The irony of course is that the term “UFO” was borne by the very agency that was most fervent in its attempts to discredit it.